The sock electrode rendered external defibrillation impossible, however, even at 360 J.

Internal and external defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) were determined for each electrode configuration.

Past studies of biphasic truncated exponential (BTE) shocks for external defibrillation focused on low energy levels.

Human studies and animal model studies of pediatric cardiac arrest involving assessment of external defibrillation energy dosing were considered.

External defibrillation was never successful, even at 360 J, with sock-connected, while always possible with sock-disconnected.

External defibrillation is widely used for the termination of various atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, including pacemaker patients.