Immunotherapies that augment antitumor T cells have had recent success for treating patients with cancer.

We have recently demonstrated that blockade of NK-cell inhibitory receptors can augment antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo.

Thus, the challenge for immunotherapy is to use advances in cellular and molecular immunology to develop strategies that effectively and safely augment antitumor responses.

This was further enhanced by reducing the immunosuppressive network by the virally-delivered CXCR4 antagonist, which augmented antitumor immune responses and led to tumor-free survival.