Faecal-conjugated BA rates were significantly higher in active IBD, whereas, secondary BA rates were significantly lower.

When SB and AC were administered concomitantly, this decrease in secondary BA was no longer significant.

However, dead hamsters had a higher ratio of primary over secondary BA compared to surviving hamsters.

AC administered to healthy volunteers altered the microbial transformation of primary BA, decreased secondary BA, and increased CA.

Lactobacillus GG decreasing endotoxemia is reported to improve the microbiome with beneficial changes in amino acid, vitamin and secondary BA metabolism.

Compared to the untreated or the SB-treated groups, AC decreased the percentage of fecal secondary BA significantly (days 3 and 7).