Conclusions: Positive preoperative voided urine cytology is an independent predictor for bladder recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for UUT-UC.

Because of the difficulty in obtaining adequate biopsies from UUT lesions, cytologic examination is the most practical method of diagnosis.

Furthermore, our study indicates a high level of MSI in TCC-UUT, although it is a rare event in bladder cancer.

For all techniques, more research has to be conducted before these techniques can be implemented in the routine management of UUT-UC.

The convergence of molecular epidemiological and experimental data establishes a clear causal association between exposure to the human carcinogen AA and UUT.

Conclusions: The T stage and LVI are independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival in patients with UUT-TCC treated by radical nephroureterectomy.

Conclusions: For the surgical treatment of UUT-UC, thulium laser technique has no difference in operation indicators and oncologic outcomes compared to open surgery.

Objective: To identify markers that predict the synchronous or metachronous development of bladder cancer in patients with upper urinary tract (UUT) tumors.

Conclusion: Ki-67 overexpression in UUT tumor tissues was found to be an independent predictor of the development of bladder cancer in UUT tumor patients.

LOH at D5S346 occurred in 27% of the cases and it was a feature of invasive high grade TCC-UUT.

Conclusion: Although UUT-NEC has a poor prognosis, additional treatment along with surgery and therapeutic intervention and stage T1-2 disease are independent factors to improve prognosis.