Upstaging occurred in one case which may have ramifications for adjuvant therapy.

Radiation therapy with weekly cisplatin administration was then given as adjuvant therapy.

No significant association was detected in patients not treated with adjuvant therapy.

The tumors were treated by surgical excision, with no adjuvant therapy given.

Further improvement in long-term survival will depend on advances in adjuvant therapy.

Inclusion of these patients into adjuvant therapy trials examining survival is inappropriate.

PlGF could be a target of adjuvant therapy and deserves further investigations.

Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment because adjuvant therapy is unproven.

If lymphadenectomy is not adequately performed, postoperative adjuvant therapy should be recommend.

However, data regarding the role of adjuvant therapy in early LCNEC are limited.

However, there was no significant difference in BCR-free survival regardless of adjuvant therapy.

Currently no effective chemotherapy exists, and the value of adjuvant therapy remains unproved.

No recurrence phenomenon has been observed after 12 months without any adjuvant therapy.

Expanded use of adjuvant therapy for early-stage disease may also improve patient outcomes.

Six patients were treated with curative intent, 5 received adjuvant therapy.

This group should be followed closely for recurrence and considered for adjuvant therapy.