Methods: Case-control analyses were performed to investigate the association between clomiphene exposure and hypospadias.

The concentrations of HCG were significantly reduced in clomiphene pregnancies compared to natural pregnancies.

Further research is needed to clarify when clomiphene citrate is indicated in the treatment of male infertility.

Interventions: Ovulation was induced with clomiphene, metformin, or the combination of both for up to six cycles or conception.

It says a more likely culprit is a fertility drug called clomiphene, which can be prescribed by any doctor without monitoring.