Full T-cell activation in alloimmunity requires the engagement of several costimulatory molecules.

The B7 family of T cell costimulatory molecules has recently acquired several new members.

The blockade of integrin and costimulatory molecules may provide new therapeutic opportunities for NS.

The expression of costimulatory molecules was investigated by flow cytometry.

T cell activation and tolerance are regulated by costimulatory molecules.

The immunogenicity of these vaccines can be enhanced by co-expressing costimulatory molecules and tumor-associated antigens.

T cell activation is regulated by the innate immune system through positive and negative costimulatory molecules.

Moreover, the potential of therapeutic strategies that target costimulatory molecules in the metabolic syndrome is explored.

Survival of animals was significantly prolonged after immunization with vaccines encoding neu together with the costimulatory molecules.

A number of accessory or costimulatory molecules have been identified that also contribute to T cell activation.

Immunogenic versus tolerogenic DC functions are dictated by their levels of costimulatory molecules and their cytokine expression profile.

The effect of Ad on DCs was not due to a downregulation of major histocompatibility complex or costimulatory molecules.

Recent findings: T-cell activation is ultimately determined by positive signals from costimulatory molecules and negative signals from regulatory T cells.

In this study, we examined the role of the B7 family members of costimulatory molecules in the establishment of oral tolerance.

T cell activation by antigen-presenting cells (APC) is regulated by positive and negative costimulatory molecules in the B7 family.

Here we summarize the latest developments in the novel costimulatory molecules and their roles in regulating Th activation, differentiation, and function.