Participants: Sixty older adults NCD-and-caregiver dyads were recruited through an activity center.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 848 mother-child dyads.

Each institution recruited participants per dyads matched by age, sex, and developmental quotient.

Dyadic emotional availability and infant-mother attachment relationship were examined in 687 Israeli dyads.

For redundant control, conversely, dyads have been shown to outperform individuals.