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Female genitaliadevelopment and their association with anencephaly have not been previously described.
2
Perturbation of these pathways can lead to abnormal external genitaliadevelopment.
3
External genitaliadevelopment occurs through a combination of hormone independent, hormone dependent, and endocrine pathways.
4
Conclusions: Anencephalic fetuses had some alterations in external genitaliadevelopment, but the anogenital distances did vary significantly between the groups.
5
We review human and animal mechanisms of normal and abnormal external genitaliadevelopment, and we evaluate abnormal mechanisms that lead to hypospadias.