This report can help institutions establish needs for quality assessment and quality control processes.

The Bill must however maintain "the fundamental ethos of credit unions as community self help institutions," he said.

Initiatives such as the concordat to support research integrity, which aim to agree principles across the sector, may help institutions devise protocols.

They said alumni provided invaluable feedback about developing or revising curricula; they were also able to help institutions measure their impact in society.

This working group and its output were designed to help institutions of higher learning to position themselves as agents of transformation in society.

However, he said another way the government could help institutions avoid staff cuts would be to give them access to funding for domestic students.

The security consulting firm HackerOne, which helps institutions establish bug bounties, facilitates both Hack the Pentagon and Hack the Army.