The manufacturing process has been validated for its capacity to remove and inactivate viruses.

The resulting uracils cause mutations and strand breaks that inactivate viruses and diversify antibody repertoire.

It does not inactivate viruses directly, but inhibits viral replication through an intracellular mechanism that involves synthesis by the cells of both RNA and protein.

Mucosal immunization by inactivated viruses often fails to evoke a sufficient immune response.

All three inactivated viruses elicited high level virus neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated mice.

The vaccine contains killed or inactivated viruses and therefore cannot cause flu and any reactions to the vaccine are generally mild.

Mammalian viruses are already established in the clinic for gene therapy and immunotherapy, and inactivated viruses or virus-like particles have long been used as vaccines.

Scientists take their best guess at which strains are going to show up each season, then manufacturers grow billions of inactivated viruses inside chicken eggs.