LLQ is a useful patient-centered functional measure of visual impairment in early and intermediate AMD.

Conclusions: Among subjects with early and intermediate AMD, LLQ scores were significantly associated with computerized LLVA and LLD.

Group comparisons were performed to evaluate differences between the control and the early and intermediate AMD groups using 2-sided significance tests.

Persons with large drusen or with pigmentary abnormalities associated with at least medium drusen should be considered to have intermediate AMD.

Of 2415 DNA specimens available, 940 were from disease-free subjects and 1475 were from subjects with early or intermediate AMD.

Results: Eighty-five patients completed the 12-month examination (19 control participants, 27 early AMD patients, and 39 intermediate AMD patients).

Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in 218 patients with intermediate AMD or geographic atrophy secondary to AMD and 133 control individuals.