However, few studies examined the effects of obesity on the intestinal immune system.

Also, the involvement of intestinal immune cells in the pathogenesis of PSC remains to be determined.

Regulatory T cells (Treg) typically restrain overt inflammatory responses and maintain intestinal immune homeostasis.

The intestinal immune system can respond to invading pathogens yet maintain immune tolerance to self-antigens and microbiota.

The aim of this article was to assess intestinal immune barrier function during the development of NAFLD.

The presented results are compatible with the assumption of a functional B-cell defect of the intestinal immune system.

We proposed that the intestinal immune system is instructed by the microbiota to limit responses to luminal antigens.

Additionally, these maternal microbes may be involved in the establishment of intestinal immune and barrier functions in neonates.

The hygiene hypothesis has led to the administration of helminths to CD patients to modulate the intestinal immune system.

These observations provide a novel approach to study the role of the intestinal immune system in immune regulation in vivo.

Transplantation of germ-free (GF) mice with microbiota from mice or humans stimulates the intestinal immune system in disparate ways.

The intestinal immune system has the challenge of maintaining both a state of tolerance toward intestinal antigens and the ability to combat pathogens.

The intestinal microflora plays important roles in the health of the host, such as nutrient processing and the modulation of intestinal immune responses.

We need a better understanding of the interaction between enterocytes and the intestinal immune cells in nutrient absorption and the gut inflammatory responses.

The results obtained in this work indicate that the intestinal immune response in human trichinellosis is featured by all the isotypes of specific immunoglobulins.

In the intestine, through multiple, complex signaling pathways, autophagy including macroautophagy and xenophagy is pivotal in mounting appropriate intestinal immune responses and anti-microbial protection.