There is no additional carcinogenic factor except for chronic lymphedema in our case.

Inhibition of lymphangiogenesis prevents lymphatic cancer metastasis, whereas induction of lymphangiogenesis alleviates lymphedema in experimental animal models.

Secondary lymphedema in humans is a common consequence of lymph node dissection (LND) to treat breast cancer.

Purpose This study examined the lifestyle and clinical risk factors for lymphedema in a cohort of patients who underwent bilateral breast cancer surgery.