However, studies evaluating hard clinical end points or surrogate end points are limited.

Currently no candidate biomarker is suitable as a surrogate end-point.

Therefore, novel biomarkers are needed as surrogate end points in triaging patients for novel and selective biologic treatments.

Objective: To evaluate whether PFS is a surrogate end point for OS in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.

Carotid B-mode ultrasound may serve as a surrogate end point in SLE intervention trials and clinically to track SLE management.

For randomized trials using surrogate end points such as blood pressure, we selected the largest studies that evaluated multiple drugs.

The results of the application of DES and IDES as surrogate end-points in early clinical trials in COPD are also reported.

A formal method for establishing whether or not a particular biomarker can be used as a surrogate end-point needs to be adopted.

This study's findings suggest that this must be weighed against the downside of increased uncertainty of clinical benefit arising from using surrogate end points.

To shorten evaluation times for new treatments, health agencies are currently examining minimal residual disease (MRD) as a surrogate end point in clinical trials.