Meanings of unmeasured confounding in English

In addition, an instrumental variable analysis was performed to address unmeasured confounding.

Whether this association is causal or due to unmeasured confounding requires further study.

However, the role of unmeasured confounding and misclassification remains unclear.

However, the findings may be susceptible to unmeasured confounding, and further research from randomized clinical trials is needed.

Alternative possibilities include loss of muscle quality as people become unwell (reverse causality) or unmeasured confounding.

In contrast, structural models provide consistent estimates of causal effects when unmeasured confounding and model misspecification are absent.

Conclusion: The statistically significant association between C-sections and ADHD in children can be partially explained by unmeasured confounding.

The degree to which this reflects causal intrauterine effects or is due to unmeasured confounding is not clear.

The analysis illustrates the importance of considering the existence of unmeasured confounding and of checking for 'weak instruments.'

Likewise, using a formal sensitivity analysis, we found that unmeasured confounding is also unlikely to explain reported adverse associations.

Our work illustrates that, when unmeasured confounding effects exist only within groups but not between groups, preference-based IVs can satisfy assumptions required for valid instruments.

Treatment preferences of groups (e.g., clinical centers) have often been proposed as instruments to control for unmeasured confounding-by-indication in instrumental variable (IV) analyses.

However, the HR approached unity with increasing adjustment and was 1.11 (95% CI 0.99-1.25) when adjusted for unmeasured confounding.