FOP is caused by gain-of-function mutations of ALK2, a receptor of bonemorphogeneticproteins.
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To date, all the preclinical and clinical studies using bonemorphogeneticproteins have evaluated single-level fusion.
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Objectives: NOG is an antagonist to bonemorphogeneticproteins and plays an important role in proper bone and joint development.
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Recombinant bonemorphogeneticproteins have been extensively studied in both the pre-clinical and clinical arena for spinal fusion with considerable success.
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We focused on bonemorphogeneticproteins as a major soluble factor that promotes astrocytogenesis and its activation in the adult spinal cord.
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The bonemorphogeneticproteins are potent developmental morphogens that act in a concentration-dependent manner to specify cell fates in developing and regenerating systems.
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Summary of background data: Bonemorphogeneticproteins can successfully augment spinal fusion.
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Bonemorphogeneticproteins and molecules involved in this signaling pathway were downregulated, suggesting its suppression in breast cancers.