Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler were the founding fathers of the American school of hard-boileddetective fiction.
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The basic idea of every hard-boileddetective story is that the private eye searches for the clues with which to solve a mystery.
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At these and other locations, Roth read classic yarns, swashbuckling high-seas adventures, hard-boileddetective stories, Western shoot-'em-ups, stories of prospectors digging for gold.
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But as anyone who has read a hard-boileddetective novel knows, police tend to be less than fond of this sort of private-sector competition.
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The Surrogates reminded me a little of "The Matrix," a little of Philip K. Dick, with a touch of hard-boileddetective thrown in.