RAD contains thin silicon detectors that record the ionizationenergy loss of energetic charged particles.
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Transport physics is governed by two types of interactions, electromagnetic ( ionizationenergy loss) and nuclear.
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The search uses the muonlike penetration and anomalously high ionizationenergy loss signature expected for such a particle to discriminate it from backgrounds.
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Hence, armor designers look for materials with as many electrons per nucleus as possible to maximize the ionizationenergy pulled out of the opposing beam.
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The measured ionizationenergies provide well-defined benchmarks for electronic structure calculations.
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Boundary layers need high total ionizationenergies, density, structural strength, and good thermal properties.
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The newly developed basis sets also provide a good estimation of other atomic properties such as ionizationenergies.
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This requires materials delivering the most electrons at the highest total ionizationenergies in the lowest possible density.
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The performance of the recontracted basis sets was analyzed by direct comparison between calculated and experimental excitation and ionizationenergies.
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Oxidation potentials and first ionizationenergies are shown to be sensitive to the character of the diolato and alkoxide ligands.
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A linear correlation between the solution-phase oxidation potentials and the gas-phase ionizationenergies resulted in an unexpected slope of greater than unity.