However, many patients develop clinically relevant neurotoxicity, frequently resulting in treatment discontinuation.

Background: Anesthesia in pregnant rodents causes neurotoxicity in fetal and offspring rodents.

The inflammation-induced effects range from beneficial aspects of neuroprotection to detrimental neurotoxicity.

Toxicity was acceptable with only 1 treatment drop-out due to reversible neurotoxicity.

What are the underlying biological susceptibilities that lead to dependence and neurotoxicity?