The cost of living, security and preserving indigenous culture have been central to his campaign.

A researcher at the University of Sydney says preserving indigenous languages is good for people's health.

South America's largest country is grappling with scores of deadly land conflicts, illustrating the tensions between preserving indigenous culture and economic development.

Environmentalists say the Belo Monte case also highlights the importance of preserving indigenous territory which is home to the last good forests in Brazil.