We propose TyG-BMI as an alternative marker for assessing IR in clinical settings.

HIV-1 proviral DNA could be an alternative marker, as it persists in infected cells.

By contrast, CT-derived deep neural network improves the prediction efficacy, it may serve as an important alternative marker for clinical PD-L1 detection.

Further studies should be conducted to determine whether it may be a useful additional or alternative marker to those currently used in the second-trimester.

Therefore, alternative markers for expansion risk are needed.