Prior to use in binding studies, reactive coatings were fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and ellipsometry.

Afterward, captured ascospores are released into the flow stream of the channel and are detected employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and coplanar microelectrodes.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Mott-Schottky analysis and open circuit voltage decay is used to investigate the cause of this improved performance.