The intervertebral disk ground substance was modeled with a non-linear hyperelastic polynomial law.

Microscopically, the tumors featured short spindle cells haphazardly enmeshed in a collagenized ground substance.

The latter are also clustered, variously arranged, and distributed in the tunic ground substance.

The observations showed that the outer covering is composed of a thin sinuous cuticle with several protrusions and a deep layer of ground substance.

Near the cell surface, mouse t-tubules are more tortuous and filled with an electron-dense ground substance, previously identified as glycocalyx and a polyanionic mesh.