The ingroup consists of the five species of Plagioscion.
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The current article investigated how individuals evaluate ingroup members displaying either ingroup bias or egalitarian intergroup behaviors.
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Despite a verbal preference for those who behaved in an egalitarian way, an implicit ingroup metafavoritism was found.
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Little is known, however, about how cultural groups form or the evolutionary forces behind group affiliation and ingroup favoritism.
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The present study investigates the neural processes preceding the willingness to engage in costly helping toward ingroup and outgroup members.
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When markers do not acquire meaning as accurate predictors of behavior, players show a markedly reduced taste for ingroup favoritism.
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Helping the ingroup member was best predicted by anterior insula activation when seeing him suffer and by associated self-reports of empathic concern.
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The resulting social environment includes strong incentives to bias interactions toward others with the same marker, and subjects accordingly show strong ingroup favoritism.
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Overall, results indicated the presence of dual attitudes in the perception of ingroup members and the strict interconnection between intergroup behaviors and intragroup perception.
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We found that punishers protect ingroup victims-whosuffer from a norm violation-muchmore than they do outgroup victims, regardless of the norm violator's group affiliation.
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Therefore, this is the judgment of the Court of the Ingroup:
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"I bring him as a candidate for admission to our Ingroup," Tallis replied formally, "and ask the indulgence of Your Superiorities therefor."