All experimental evidences suggest that the presence of zirconium can minimise the polymerisation of hafnium, favouring its reaction with the studied complexing agent.

The results provide insights into the role of complexing agents and guide the future design of zinc-bromine flow batteries.

Zinc-bromine flow batteries are promising for stationary energy storage, and bromine- complexing agents have been used to form phase-separated liquid polybromide products.

This methodology is dramatically different from other CE methods that have used complexing agents such as micelles or cyclodextrins in MEKC.

Both morphologies and phases of the CdSe products could be successfully controlled by choosing appropriate complexing agents to adjust the dynamics of the reaction process.