Even after exhaustion of surgical and endoscopic therapy options, the percutaneously inserted stents provide effective palliation.

Laser recanalization provides effective palliation for malignant dysphagia.

In selected patients with localized symptomatic disease, local radiation therapy to sites of involvement can offer effective palliation.

Although RT plus fluorouracil resulted in a significantly higher response rate than achieved with RT alone, this did not translate into more effective palliation.