The reliable quantification of the latter estimate is limited by substantial measurement noise.

The computation of the transfer function is complicated by measurement noise and the bias and variance inherent in spectral estimation.

The proposed EKF framework effectively models multiple-compartment and multiple- measurement systems in the presence of measurement noise and uncertainties in model dynamics.

We address two questions: (1)What are the scales at which river dynamics can be observed, given spatial sampling and measurement noise characteristics?

To connect phosphosites and lipid measurements in a unified model, we developed a multivariate-regression framework, which accounts for measurement noise and systematically missing proteomics data.