Results: Primary hepatocytes from DKO mice were significantly more sensitive to the environmental electrophiles than each single KO counterpart.

All DKO mice showed motor signs of hind limb ataxia and hyper-extension, which were not seen in single KO or normal mice.

Both Nrf2 and CSE single KO mice were highly susceptible to Cd and MeHg, and such sensitivity was further exacerbated in the DKO mice.