Influenza epidemics occur once a year during the winter in temperate areas.

This ocean-going bird once had a wide range overseas in the temperate areas of the North Atlantic.

The tendency appears to be cyclical, expressing itself when ecological opportunities are rich and disappearing when temperate areas are limited.

Results show that Russula is most species-rich at temperate latitudes and ancestral state reconstruction shows that the genus initially diversified in temperate areas.

Maps of incidence and time to relapse showed high relapse frequency to be predominant in tropical regions and prolonged relapse in temperate areas.