To add to the challenge for the elderly, touchsensation is in decline.
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However, little is known about harsh touchsensation in this organism.
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Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model for the study of gentle touchsensation.
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Exactly how such neurons receive and distribute mechanical signals during touchsensation remains mysterious.
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In humans and other mammals, touchsensation depends on thousands of diverse somatosensory neurons.
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The measured impairment in touchsensation was especially pronounced when using the Bumps detection test.
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Here we characterize harsh touchsensation in C. elegans.
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Lower limb arterial assessment included ankle brachial index, pulse volume waveform and protective light touchsensation.
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The generation and sensation of mechanical force plays a role in many dynamic biological processes, including touchsensation.
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A similar experiment was performed with a subject who lacked proprioception and touchsensation from the neck down.
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Laser ablations identify distinct sets of sensory neurons and interneurons required for harsh touchsensation at different body segments.
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In C. elegans, genetic screens revealed molecules needed for touchsensation along the body wall and other regions of force sensitivity.
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This assay has led to the discovery of genes required for touchsensation, but does not provide control over stimulus strength or position.
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Genetic manipulations that decrease such spectrin-dependent tension also selectively impair touchsensation, suggesting that such pre-tension is essential for efficient responses to external mechanical stimuli.
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But there was a demand to create touchsensations without mechanical movement.
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Merkel cells are innervated mechanosensory cells responsible for light- touchsensations.