CS increases EC permeability in vitro and in vivo; however, the underlying mechanism is not well understood.

Thrombin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hydrogen peroxide increased EC permeability, disrupted cell junctions, and induced stress fiber formation.

We hypothesized a direct effect of APC to both prevent increased EC permeability and to restore vascular integrity after edemagenic agonists.

Trimodality therapy also increased EC-specific apoptosis 2- to 4-fold more than RT alone and reduced microvessel density by 75% to 82%.