But the languagefamilies closest to Austronesian are thought to be Tai-Kadai, Austroasiatic, and Miao-Yao.
2
In Chapter 15 I explained that most New Guinea languages , termed Papuan languages , are unrelated to any languagefamilies elsewhere in the world.
3
The other three families have fragmented distributions, being spoken by "islands" of people surrounded by a "sea" of speakers of Chinese and other languagefamilies.
4
From the initial indications of family-like relations up to the establishment of languagefamilies, the time span is greater than 15,000 years.